perm filename SL2[TLK,DBL] blob
sn#174634 filedate 1975-08-26 generic text, type C, neo UTF8
COMMENT ⊗ VALID 00033 PAGES
C REC PAGE DESCRIPTION
C00001 00001
C00003 00002 .DEVICE XGP
C00004 00003 LIST OF SLIDES FOR IJCAI-4 TALK
C00005 00004 .COMMENT talk outline
C00006 00005 .COMMENT 3 calls
C00007 00006 .COMMENT 3 returns
C00008 00007 .COMMENT Being capabilities
C00009 00008 .COMMENT Experts at meeting
C00011 00009 .COMMENT Experts' Paradigm
C00012 00010 .COMMENT Names of Beings
C00014 00011 .COMMENT Structures
C00015 00012 .COMMENT Structures 2
C00016 00013 .COMMENT Lambda
C00017 00014 .COMMENT Experts called for by the protocol
C00018 00015 .COMMENT scene
C00023 00016 .COMMENT Partial
C00026 00017 .COMMENT Abilities
C00027 00018 .COMMENT But how?
C00028 00019 .COMMENT HOW!
C00029 00020 .COMMENT HOW! 2
C00030 00021 .COMMENT Equiv
C00031 00022 .COMMENT Wilde
C00032 00023 .COMMENT guts
C00033 00024 .COMMENT Concept-formation Being
C00035 00025 .COMMENT Procedure for writing a B. system
C00037 00026 .COMMENT 3 categories
C00038 00027 .COMMENT New capabilities
C00039 00028 .COMMENT Contrast
C00040 00029 .COMMENT Initial Dialogue
C00042 00030 .COMMENT M/M/M Dialogue
C00045 00031 .COMMENT Key Lines
C00046 00032 .COMMENT Performance
C00048 00033 .COMMENT Conclusions
C00050 ENDMK
C⊗;
.DEVICE XGP
.!XGPCOMMANDS←"/TMAR=50/PMAR=2100/BMAR=50"
.FONT 1 "BASB30"
.FONT 2 "BDR66"
.FONT 4 "BDI40"
.FONT 7 "BDR40"
.FONT 8 "NGB25"
.FONT 9 "GRFX35"
.TURN ON "↑α[]↓_π{"
.TURN ON "⊗" FOR "%"
.TABBREAK
.ODDLEFTBORDER ← EVENLEFTBORDER ← 1000
.PAGE FRAME 54 HIGH 91 WIDE
.AREA TEXT LINES 1 TO 53
.DOUBLE SPACE
.PREFACE 2
.NOFILL
.PREFACE 1
.!XGPLFTMAR←100
.MACRO B ⊂ BEGIN NOFILL SELECT 9 INDENT 0 GROUP PREFACE 0 MILLS TURN OFF "{↑↓}[]α" ⊃
.MACRO E ⊂ APART END ⊃
.NEXT PAGE
.INDENT 0
.SELECT 1
.ONCE CENTER
LIST OF SLIDES FOR IJCAI-4 TALK
Human Brain
Talk Outline
3 ways of calling
3 ways of returning
Being capabilities
Experts at the meeting
Experts' paradigm
Names of Beings
Simple structures
Monuments
Initial Defn. of CF
Experts called for
Scene/Model
Partial only!
Abilities needed
But how?
How (?)
How (??)
Expert = answers
Wilde quote
Guts
C-F Being
Procedure for Writing B. System
Parts of a Being
Beings in PUP6
.SKIP TO COLUMN 1
.COMMENT talk outline;
.BEGIN SELECT 4 INDENT 11
.GROUP SKIP 7
.ONCE CENTER SELECT 2
↓_OUTLINE_↓
⊗2Study:⊗*
Observe cooperating experts
⊗2Extract:⊗*
Abstract out guidelines for cooperative interaction
⊗2Program:⊗*
Simulate the experts
.END
.SKIP TO COLUMN 1
.COMMENT 3 calls;
.BEGIN SELECT 4 INDENT 2
.GROUP SKIP 7
.ONCE CENTER SELECT 2
↓_CALLING FOR HELP_↓
⊗2Call by name:⊗*
"Hey, Fred, how do you integrate this?"
⊗2Call by profession:⊗*
"Will some mathematician show me how to integrate this?"
⊗2Call by broadcast:⊗*
"Can anybody help me integrate this?"
.END
.SKIP TO COLUMN 1
.COMMENT 3 returns;
.BEGIN SELECT 4 INDENT 2
.GROUP SKIP 7
.ONCE CENTER SELECT 2
↓_RETURNING CONTROL_↓
⊗2Hierarchical return:⊗*
Return control to whoever gave it to you
⊗2Skip return:⊗*
Some early ancestor's problem is now solved
⊗2Heterarchical jump:⊗*
Some brand new path suddenly seems promising
.END
.SKIP TO COLUMN 1
.COMMENT Being capabilities;
.BEGIN SELECT 4 INDENT 2
.GROUP SKIP 7
.ONCE CENTER SELECT 2
↓_BEING CAPABILITIES_↓
⊗2Expertise:⊗*
Corpus of specialized information, unique abilities
⊗2Communication:⊗*
Able to properly phrase its needs into questions
Able to properly interpret and answer others' questions
⊗2Awareness:⊗*
(Pseudo-)continuously monitor the environment,
and recognize when its abilities are needed.
.END
.SKIP TO COLUMN 1
.COMMENT Experts at meeting;
.BEGIN SELECT 4 INDENT 2
.GROUP SKIP 7
⊗2TASK:⊗* Write a concept formation system
(a LISP program which learns to classify named concepts)
⊗2USEFUL EXPERTS:⊗*
For Project Supervision: ⊗7Managers, Bureaucrats⊗*
For Concept-Formation Expertise: ⊗7Psychologists⊗*
For System Design: ⊗7AI researchers, Systems Analysts⊗*
For System Implementation: ⊗7Scientific Programmers⊗*
For Debugging: ⊗7Hackers⊗*
For Documentation: ⊗7Technical Writers, Nit-pickers⊗*
For Communication with Sponsor: ⊗7Linguists, Diplomats, Psychologists⊗*
.END
.SKIP TO COLUMN 1
.COMMENT Experts' Paradigm;
.BEGIN SELECT 4 INDENT 2
.GROUP SKIP 7
.ONCE CENTER SELECT 2
↓_EXPERTS' PARADIGM_↓
Actually ↓_do_↓ the concept-learning task
Introspect upon what operations are being done
Clearly extract the algorithms employed
Explain them to a programmer, who encodes them
.END
.SKIP TO COLUMN 1
.COMMENT Names of Beings;
.BEGIN SELECT 4 INDENT 2
.GROUP SKIP 7
.ONCE CENTER SELECT 2
↓_NAMES OF BEINGS_↓
(Each Being must model one expert)
.SELECT 7
.PREFACE 0 TABS 36 TURN ON "\" INDENT 1
⊗2↓_NAME_↓\↓_SPECIALTY_↓⊗*
PSYCH\Concept-Formation Experiments
PGM-MANAGER\Oversee a team to write programs
GET-INFO\Know several places to obtain facts
TEST\Tricks used in encoding conditionals
UNTIL-LOOP\How to encode until-loops
CONTRADIC\Possible types of contradictions
NAMER\Choose suitable name for new function
DEFER\How to go about deferring a decision
.
.
.
(plus 80 more Beings)
.
.
.
.END
.SKIP TO COLUMN 1
.COMMENT Structures;
.BEGIN SELECT 4 INDENT 2
.GROUP SKIP 7
.ONCE CENTER SELECT 2
↓_SIMPLE STRUCTURES_↓
(Each Concept is a Class of Structures)
.SELECT 7
.PREFACE 0 TABS 10, 35, 70 TURN ON "\" INDENT 0
.COMMENT DRAW THIS IN BY HAND: arch, tower;
\ARCH\\TOWER
.END
.SKIP TO COLUMN 1
.COMMENT Structures 2;
.BEGIN SELECT 4 INDENT 2
.GROUP SKIP 7
.ONCE CENTER SELECT 2
↓_MONUMENT: a disjuctive concept_↓
.SELECT 7
.PREFACE 0 TABS 37, 67 TURN ON "\" INDENT 0
.COMMENT DRAW THIS IN BY HAND: pyramid, tower, plaque;
WASHINGTON MONUMENT\CHEOPS PYRAMID\BABI-YAR PLAQUE
.SELECT 8
\\ On this site
\\ will be erected
\\ a monument to
\\ the 90,000
\\Ukranian martyrs
.END
.SKIP TO COLUMN 1
.COMMENT Lambda;
.BEGIN SELECT 4 INDENT 2
.GROUP SKIP 14
.ONCE CENTER SELECT 2
↓_INITIAL DEFINITION OF CF_↓
(LAMBDA ( )
( INITIALIZE )
( PARTITION-A-DOMAIN )
( FINALIZE )
)
.END
.SKIP TO COLUMN 1
.COMMENT Experts called for by the protocol;
.BEGIN SELECT 4 INDENT 2
.GROUP SKIP 7
.ONCE CENTER SELECT 2
↓_EXPERTS NEEDED_↓
17 Inductive Inference specialists
35 Communication specialists
10 Managers and organizers
25 Experts on facets of programming
.END
.SKIP TO COLUMN 1
.COMMENT scene;
.BEGIN SELECT 4 INDENT 2
.GROUP SKIP 7
.ONCE CENTER SELECT 2
↓_FRAGMENT OF A SCENE_↓
.BEGIN NOFILL PREFACE 0 TABS 26,34,38 TURN ON "\" INDENT 3
⊗2Objects⊗*\\a,b,c,d
⊗2Relations⊗*\\(Green a) (Blue c) (Touches c d)
\\(Supports a c) (Supports b c)
.GROUP SKIP 3
.ONCE SELECT 9 TURN OFF "α"
αααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααα
.ONCE SELECT 9 TURN OFF "α"
αααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααα
.GROUP SKIP 3
.ONCE CENTER SELECT 2
↓_CF's MODEL FOR AN ARCH_↓
⊗2Name⊗*\\Arch
⊗2Objects⊗*\\a,b,c
⊗2Must⊗*\\(Supports a c) (Supports b c)
⊗2Mustnot⊗* \\(Touches a b)
⊗2May⊗*\\(Green a) (Wedge c) (Prism a) (Block b)
\\(Parallel a b) (Red a) (Red b)
.END
.END
.SKIP TO COLUMN 1
.COMMENT Partial;
.BEGIN SELECT 4 INDENT 2
.GROUP SKIP 7
.CENTER SELECT 2
A MECHANISM FOR SYNERGY
WHICH IS
PARTIAL, TENTATIVE,
.SELECT 7
ZERO⊗1↑t↑h⊗* ORDER, CRUDE,
.SELECT 1
Unsubstantiated, Intuitive, and Probably Dead Wrong.
.SELECT 8
But which might be right!
.END
.SKIP TO COLUMN 1
.COMMENT Abilities;
.BEGIN SELECT 4 INDENT 2
.GROUP SKIP 7
.ONCE CENTER SELECT 2
↓_ABILITIES OF THE GROUP_↓
1) Sufficiently wide competence
⊗7 For any question which comes up,
someone can get a handle on it.⊗*
2) Facile communicative powers
⊗7 Recognize when you can help.
Understand someone trying to help you.⊗*
.END
.SKIP TO COLUMN 1
.COMMENT But how?;
.BEGIN SELECT 4 INDENT 2
.GROUP SKIP 17
.ONCE CENTER SELECT 2
↓_BUT HOW?_↓
.END
.SKIP TO COLUMN 1
.COMMENT HOW!;
.BEGIN SELECT 4 INDENT 2
.GROUP SKIP 7
.ONCE CENTER SELECT 2
↓_HOW:_↓ ⊗7(?)⊗*
1) Sufficiently wide competence
⊗7 For any question which comes up,
someone can get a handle on it.⊗*
GET THIS BY HAVING ⊗2STRUCTURE⊗*
2) Facile communicative powers
⊗7 Recognize when you can help.
Understand someone trying to help you.⊗*
GET THIS BY HAVING ⊗2UNIFORMITY⊗*
.END
.SKIP TO COLUMN 1
.COMMENT HOW! 2;
.BEGIN SELECT 4 INDENT 2
.GROUP SKIP 7
.ONCE CENTER SELECT 2
↓_HOW:_↓ ⊗7(???)⊗*
1) To attain wide competence:
⊗7 Each Being contains almost-disjoint data.
Each Being has a complex, sophisticated structure.⊗*
2) To permit easy communication:
⊗7 The Beings' knowledge overlaps slightly.
Each Being has the same anatomy, albeit complex.⊗*
.END
.SKIP TO COLUMN 1
.COMMENT Equiv;
.BEGIN SELECT 4 INDENT 2
.GROUP SKIP 7
.ONCE CENTER SELECT 2
↓_FOR OUR PURPOSES:_↓
.SELECT 7
.PREFACE 0 TABS 57 TURN ON "\" INDENT 38
NAME?\Albert Einstein
AGE?\26
WORRY?\Mass related to energy?
WHY?\Motivated by curiosity
NOBEL?\Dream
RESPOND?\Physics, math, ...
JOB?\Patent office clerk
WHERE?\Switzerland
DESIRE?\Short-term: dinner, ...
\Long-term: research, ...
WIFE?\...
.
.
.
.END
.SKIP TO COLUMN 1
.COMMENT Wilde;
.BEGIN SELECT 4 INDENT 2
.GROUP SKIP 14
.BEGIN CENTER SELECT 2
Those who go beneath the surface,
Do so at their own peril
.END
.ONCE INDENT 45
-- OSCAR WILDE
.SELECT 8
.END
.SKIP TO COLUMN 1
.COMMENT guts;
.BEGIN SELECT 7 INDENT 2
.GROUP SKIP 10
.ONCE CENTER SELECT 2
↓_Internal Structure of a Being_↓
Each Being has a name and about 30 parts.
Each part has a name and a value.
A part's ⊗4name⊗* is a question the Being can answer.
Its ⊗4value⊗* is a program to answer that question.
.END
.SKIP TO COLUMN 1
.COMMENT Concept-formation Being;
.BEGIN SELECT 7 INDENT 2
.GROUP SKIP 2
.ONCE CENTER SELECT 2
For Example:
.PREFACE 0 TABS 30 TURN ON "\" INDENT 0
BEING NAME: Psychologist
↓_PART_↓\↓_VALUE_↓⊗1(English interpretation)⊗*
WHAT?\Deal with behavior and learning
HOW?\Access to others' theories
WHY?\Analyze past act, predict future
RESPOND TO?\User's mental state, concept formation, ...
EFFECTS?\Better grasp of motivations, of complexities of...
WHEN?\Current topic is not too technical, called on by name, ...
ARGUMENTS?\What to discuss or explain or answer
ARG-CHECK?\Look up any technical words
COMPLEXITY?\Easy to call on, very verbose, often wrong
\in predicting, expert in concept formation research,
\rarely ask for help, often quote other psychologists
AFFECTS?\Often call on statistician, may offend user, ...
META-CODE?\To estimate the user's level of boredom, multiply
\the number of PUP6-printed lines since...
\Concept formation experiments take several forms...
\ .
\ .
\ .
\ (29 parts in all)
\ .
\ .
\ .
.END
.SKIP TO COLUMN 1
.COMMENT Procedure for writing a B. system;
.BEGIN SELECT 4 INDENT 2
.GROUP SKIP 2
.ONCE CENTER SELECT 2
↓_Procedure for Building up a Beings System_↓
1) Find a communicative covering, Q'
⊗7 Study a group of experts as they cooperate to do the task.
Collect a list, Q', of all the questions they ask each other.⊗*
2) Find a minimal subcovering Q of Q'
⊗7 Condense similar questions into single, more general questions.
Stop when any further condensation leads to a "catchall" question.⊗*
3) Fill in one Being for each expert
⊗7 For each member of the original group, for each time he spoke
during the protocol, write down the knowledge he might have used
to recognize his relevance and to make the response he did.
Put this knowledge into the appropriate part(s) of this Being.⊗*
4) Run the simulation
⊗7 If some of the experts are played by a human, this must be
done interactively. Continue until the task is complete.⊗*
.END
.SKIP TO COLUMN 1
.COMMENT 3 categories;
.BEGIN SELECT 4 INDENT 2
.GROUP SKIP 2
.ONCE CENTER SELECT 2
↓_CATEGORIES OF BEING PARTS_↓
Parts used in deciding who gets control
⊗7 IDEN
WHEN
RESULTS
COMPLEXITY
STRUCTURE
ENCODABLE
EFFECTS⊗*
Parts used when the Being gets control
⊗7 ARGS
ARG-CHECK
EVAL-ARGS
REQUISITES
DEMONS
INHIBIT-DEMONS
COMMENTS
META-CODE⊗*
Parts used to orient User and other Beings
⊗7 WHAT
WHY
HOW
AFFECTS
GENERALIZATIONS
SPECIALIZATIONS
ALTERNATIVES⊗*
.END
.SKIP TO COLUMN 1
.COMMENT New capabilities;
.BEGIN SELECT 4 INDENT 2
.GROUP SKIP 7
.ONCE CENTER SELECT 2
↓_NEW CONSTRAINTS_↓
⊗2New Capabilities⊗*
If it moves, it's a Being (no "plain" functions).
Each Being must be able to direct the writing
of new, streamlined versions of itself
Each Being must recognize all phrases relevant
to it (recursive asking is allowed).
⊗2Biasses⊗*
No debugging
Defer rather than backtrack
Keep precise records
Insert notes directly into partially-completed code (as comments)
.END
.SKIP TO COLUMN 1
.COMMENT Contrast;
.BEGIN SELECT 4 INDENT 2
.GROUP SKIP 10
.ONCE CENTER SELECT 2
↓_A ROSE, BY ANY OTHER NAME_↓
.INDENT 10
FRAMES: ⊗7subsume Beings⊗*
HACKER: ⊗7relies crucially on debugging⊗*
MACROS: ⊗7no positive transfer effect⊗*
ACTORS: ⊗7non-broadcasting, no parts⊗*
DEMONS: ⊗7subsumed by Beings⊗*
ASSOCIATIVE NETS: ⊗7subsumed by Beings⊗*
FUNCTIONS: ⊗7subsumed by Beings⊗*
.END
.SKIP TO COLUMN 1
.COMMENT Initial Dialogue;
.BEGIN SELECT 7 INDENT 2
.GROUP SKIP 10
.ONCE CENTER SELECT 2
↓_BEGINNING OF DIALOGUE_↓
PUP: I want any task.
⊗4USER: Write a program which does concept formation⊗*
PUP: I am about to write a program for the task:
⊗1specialized kind of CONCEPT-FORMATION⊗*.
PUP: Give me a proper name for this program.
(I suggest CF or CONCEPT)
⊗4USER: CF⊗*
PUP: Must CF mimic different human subjects?
⊗4USER: No⊗*
PUP: I am temporarily replacing the task
"⊗1specialized kind of CONCEPT-FORMATION⊗*"
by the simpler task:
"⊗1specialized kind of PARTITION-A-DOMAIN⊗*".
.END
.SKIP TO COLUMN 1
.COMMENT M/M/M Dialogue;
.BEGIN SELECT 7 INDENT 2
.ONCE CENTER SELECT 2
↓_MUST/MUSTNOT/MAY DIALOGUE_↓
.INDENT 0,3,0
PUP: How do we know when to terminate this loop?
⊗4USER: Terminate iff any feature in model-features
is incompatible with scene-features⊗*
PUP: PUP wants USER to type in name for specialized version of CONTRADIC
⊗4USER: Call it IMPOSS⊗*
PUP: Move cursor to IMPOSS type of CONTRADICTS.
I can no longer defer this decision:
A: Contradic. arises from features having probability=1 of occurring.
B: Contradic. arises from features having probability=0 of occurring.
C: Contradiction from features having probability>0&<1 of occurring.
Please type some of: A,B,C; or type: Defer, ?, or Details.
⊗4USER: A, B, and C are all relevant.⊗*
PUP: I recommend that each model's features be structured
(along 1 dimension) into these 3 pieces:
PRESENT: for features having probability=1 of occurring.
ABSENT: for features having probability=0 of occurring.
EITHER: for features with probability other than 0 or 1.
Please type back YES, NO, UNSURE, DETAILS, and/or 3 new names.
⊗4USER: Yes. Call them MUST-BE-PRESENT,
MUSTNOT-BE-PRESENT, MAY-BE-PRESENT.⊗*
PUP: Too long. Nicknamed Must, Mustnot, May.
PUP: Located 3 references to model's features in code generated so far.
In each case, the reference has been replaced by
"(APPEND Must Mustnot May)".
.END
.SKIP TO COLUMN 1
.COMMENT Key Lines;
.BEGIN SELECT 4 INDENT 2
.GROUP SKIP 12
.ONCE CENTER SELECT 2
↓_CRITICAL USER INPUTS_↓
"Write a program which does concept formation."
"An "element of the domain of stimuli" is a static scene."
"The guessing process is one of searching, not computing."
"Terminate the loop iff any model feature is
incompatible with the scene's features"
.END
.SKIP TO COLUMN 1
.COMMENT Performance;
.BEGIN SELECT 7 INDENT 2
.ONCE CENTER SELECT 2
↓_PERFORMANCE OF PUP6_↓
↓_DIFFICULTY_↓: Dialogue was verbose, tedious,
boring, brittle, confusing.
Had to be augmented to synthesize new programs.
Inadequate dynamic model of the user's mental state.
No debugging
↓_SUCCESS_↓: Managed to synthesize CF, plus a grammatical
inference system and a simple property
list maintenance routine.
Synthesized CF as a collection of new Beings
Synthesized two new programs with slight additions.
No debugging
↓_NUMBERS_↓:
PUP6: 200 pages of INTERLISP
CF: 30 pages of INTERLISP; a group of 56 (new) Beings
Synthesized in 60 cpu minutes (compiled, TENEX)
spanning five hours of real time.
300K characters typed by PUP6 to the user.
4K characters typed by the user to PUP6.
GI: 20 pages of INTERLISP; 37 Beings
PL: 7 pages of INTERLISP; 24 Beings
.END
.SKIP TO COLUMN 1
.COMMENT Conclusions;
.BEGIN SELECT 7 INDENT 2
.ONCE CENTER SELECT 2
↓_CONCLUSIONS ABOUT BEINGS_↓
From a small universal set of parts:
Easy addition of new Beings? NO
Easy inter-Being communication? YES
From a relatively structured representation:
Sophisticated dialogue? NO
Sophisticated syntheses? YES
What are Beings bad for?
Speed, efficiency on routine processing tasks.
What are Beings good for?
Organizing knowledge in ways meaningful to how it will be used.
.END
.SKIP TO COLUMN 1